Publications

The global debate on artificial intelligence (AI) governance often focuses on regulation. Governments discuss legal frameworks, compliance mechanisms, ethical principles, and risk management. Yet experience increasingly shows that governing AI involves far more than drafting legislation. It requires building institutions, developing public-sector expertise, creating coordination mechanisms, and establishing the operational capacity needed to oversee a technology that evolves faster than traditional policymaking processes. Spain’s recent experience offers a valuable case study in this regard. Over the past five years, the country has undertaken one of Europe’s most ambitious efforts to build a comprehensive AI governance ecosystem, combining strategic planning, institutional…

Resilience begins with foresight. Machine learning algorithms can process enormous volumes of environmental, social, and infrastructural data to identify early warning signals. For instance, AI models trained on meteorological and hydrological datasets can forecast floods days in advance, predicting not only when and where water will rise but how it will spread through the city’s drainage systems. This information allows authorities to prepare evacuation routes, deploy barriers, and alert vulnerable populations proactively, turning reaction time into preparation time. Similarly, climate analytics powered by AI help cities anticipate extreme heat or air quality events by correlating temperature trends, vegetation density, and…

Traditionally, architectural design relies on simulation software and experience-based intuition to balance factors like light, temperature, ventilation, and material use. AI adds a new dimension by processing enormous datasets, from energy models and climate data to occupant behavior, to generate designs that perform better under real-world conditions. Through machine learning and generative design algorithms, architects and engineers can explore thousands of design options simultaneously, finding solutions that maximize performance while minimizing environmental impact. Generative design works by defining objectives and constraints, for example, reducing energy use, maximizing natural light, or ensuring thermal comfort, and then allowing the AI to “evolve”…

The principle is simple but revolutionary. Instead of following preprogrammed schedules, AI-controlled traffic lights use machine learning algorithms to analyze data from sensors, cameras, and connected vehicles. These systems detect vehicle density, speed, and flow direction, as well as pedestrian crossings and environmental factors such as weather or time of day. The AI then adjusts signal timings dynamically, optimizing each intersection to minimize waiting time and maximize throughput. In essence, the city learns to breathe, its traffic lights becoming the rhythmic pulse of an intelligent organism. Unlike conventional systems that rely on isolated intersections, AI-based platforms view the urban road…

Automation in city administration is not about replacing civil servants; it’s about augmenting their capabilities. Routine, repetitive, and rule-based tasks, such as document verification, appointment scheduling, and data entry, can be handled by AI-powered systems with greater accuracy and speed. This frees human workers to focus on strategic, creative, and empathetic functions that require judgment and communication. The result is a shift from bureaucratic management to service intelligence, a model where administration becomes proactive, personalized, and efficient. One of the most visible advances comes from robotic process automation (RPA). These systems act as digital assistants, replicating human actions across multiple…

The transformation of a city into a Smart City never truly begins with the installation of sensors, the procurement of data platforms, or the deployment of artificial intelligence systems, however advanced and sophisticated these technological instruments may appear. It begins, rather, with a far deeper and more consequential act: the formulation of a strategic vision capable of imagining what kind of city must emerge in response to the structural pressures of the twenty-first century. Demographic growth, climate change, congestion, energy dependency, housing stress, environmental degradation, and rising citizen expectations all converge to create a context in which traditional urban management…

South Korea is accelerating its global urban innovation strategy through a new series of pilot projects that will test artificial intelligence-driven smart city technologies across five countries in Southeast Asia, in what represents one of the most significant examples of technology-enabled urban diplomacy and international urban cooperation in recent years. Announced by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT), this initiative forms part of the K-City Network 2026 program, a government-backed framework designed not only to export Korean technological capabilities but also to position South Korea as a strategic global partner in the transformation of rapidly urbanizing cities. This…