Much of the conversation about artificial intelligence concerns the next source of training data. A different question is what a learning system does with experience it has already received. Does an e...
An AI agent completing a short demonstration can appear remarkably self-contained. It receives a request, chooses a tool and returns a useful result. A production process is less tidy. The external se...
A research question in chemistry rarely arrives as a clean dataset. Relevant evidence may be scattered across papers, tables, patents and databases, with different representations of the same compound...
Much of the attention surrounding artificial intelligence goes to systems that generate something visible: an answer, an image or a passage of code. A quieter problem precedes many of those outputs. A...
A pupil who can obtain a fluent answer in seconds still faces an older and harder task: deciding whether the answer deserves to be believed. Artificial intelligence brings that distinction into the cl...
A product can be present in a shop’s inventory system and unavailable to the person standing in front of its shelf. A promotional display can be planned at headquarters and assembled differently on th...
If there is one element that quietly underpins almost every activity within public administration, it is the document. Long before computers, databases, and digital platforms became part of everyday g...
Tax auditing constitutes one of the most important instruments through which revenue administrations verify compliance with fiscal legislation, examine the accuracy of declarations and protect the int...
On 28 October 2026, Castile and León brought public employees together in Valladolid for a session on artificial intelligence in administration. The regional government’s account, republished by Spain...
Public institutions operate under an unavoidable condition of scarcity: they face more signals, demands, problems and potential priorities than they can examine with equal depth or...
Public institutions can retain extensive knowledge while remaining unable to use it when later decisions, operations or institutional processes require it. Reports, evaluations, de...
Public institutions depend on specialised knowledge held by individuals. This is neither unusual nor inherently problematic: expertise, professional judgement and differentiated re...
