A chart can be accurate and still answer the wrong question. Consider a hypothetical wind fleet whose operations team wants to know which site performed best. The site that generated the most electric...
Much of the conversation about artificial intelligence concerns the next source of training data. A different question is what a learning system does with experience it has already received. Does an e...
An AI agent completing a short demonstration can appear remarkably self-contained. It receives a request, chooses a tool and returns a useful result. A production process is less tidy. The external se...
A research question in chemistry rarely arrives as a clean dataset. Relevant evidence may be scattered across papers, tables, patents and databases, with different representations of the same compound...
A familiar voice can settle a question before we have consciously decided what evidence we need. In a routine conversation, that shortcut lets us get on with the work of listening. In a consequential ...
In a small firm, a single customer enquiry can pass through the person who answers the phone, the person who knows how long a job will take and the owner who decides whether to accept it. Sometimes al...
A product can be present in a shop’s inventory system and unavailable to the person standing in front of its shelf. A promotional display can be planned at headquarters and assembled differently on th...
If there is one element that quietly underpins almost every activity within public administration, it is the document. Long before computers, databases, and digital platforms became part of everyday g...
Tax auditing constitutes one of the most important instruments through which revenue administrations verify compliance with fiscal legislation, examine the accuracy of declarations and protect the int...
Public institutions operate under an unavoidable condition of scarcity: they face more signals, demands, problems and potential priorities than they can examine with equal depth or...
Public institutions can retain extensive knowledge while remaining unable to use it when later decisions, operations or institutional processes require it. Reports, evaluations, de...
Public institutions depend on specialised knowledge held by individuals. This is neither unusual nor inherently problematic: expertise, professional judgement and differentiated re...
